Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder EssayPosttraumatic Stress Disorder side effects may take days to try up, they argon debilitating to the victims everyday life. A soldier with posttraumatic stress disorder may experience emotional outburst, find it hard to communicate with others. Panic attacks, sleeping disorder, and flashbacks atomic take 18 a few of the major side effects. The soldier often testament feel guilty which makes it difficult for them to ad near back into civilian life. Not designed how to reunite with friends and family often lead to cut off depression and suicide. An incident that may remind the soldier or their trauma can send them into a sever panic attack which may take days or weeks to recover from.It is said a soldier with posttraumatic stress disorder is never truly home, there are eternally demons around every corner. The military teaches our soldiers how to fight, how to kill and how to survive. But who teaches them how to live with themselves? Soldie rs are returning in large volumes with PTSD but are not being treated for their disorder. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can occur following the experience or witnessing of a traumatic caseful. A traumatic event is a life-threatening event such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or physical or sexual assault in adult or childhood.The fight or flight response is what we know happens when ane is afraid. Your body is releasing adrenaline, raising you heart rate and releasing glucose to muscles allowing you to reply quickly. Once you are out of the fearful situation you release a hormone known as cortical allowing your body to calm down. In a sever trauma you may not release enough cortical so your body stays under a great deal of stress. accordingly the victim may produce a high level of catecholamine which is a stimulating hormone.When reminded of the trauma this hormone kicks in. Mason JW, Giller EL, Ko sten TR) One out of ten Americans voluminous in a sever trauma event experiences a cascade of psychological and biological changes known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Soldiers returning from wars throughout the years were not able to adapt back in to civilian life. Doctors now understand the severity of this disorder and our addressing to the best of their abilities. To receive the diagnosis the victim mustiness have been in a situation in which they were afraid for their safety, feel horror, or feel helperless.The more terrifying the trauma is, increases the chances of the victim developing PTSD. Victims diagnosed with PTSD can prevent them from working affect their relationships, and causes great difficulty being a good parent. (Allen IR PTSD) Anxiety is a normal reception to stress. It helps one deal with a tense situation in the office, study harder for an exam, and keep focused on an important speech. In general, it helps one cope. But when anxiety becomes an excessiv e, anomalous dread of everyday situations, it can become a disabling disorder.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is not a black and white diagnosis, some the symptoms may be present right away however in others it can manifest years later. For some, the symptoms can be managed with therapy and others the symptoms are disabling. Many traumatic life experiences cause many emotions, such as guilt, anger, and fear. However it normally starts to improve in a short period of time, when these feelings or symptoms do not improve or get worse you may have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Reliving the trauma can cause flashbacks and nightmares.Flashbacks are the Soldier or Victim actually mentally transporting back in time to the actual event. They can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel every sensation they experienced during the actual trauma. In their mind they are reliving the event in every shape and form. Nightmares is when the victim is sleeping as their brain slows down and enters into a drea m state the trauma comes back to them in a nightmare. Just as in the flashbacks in their mind they are right back in that horrific trauma. Many times they will wake up yelling, swinging their arms, threatening or injuring anyone nearby.PTSD victims also may experience hyper arousal which is a state where a minor act will puzzle them back to the trauma. It can be as little as a child crying, thunderstorm, or a smell, this can cause a massive reaction from the victim. Men have been known to hi the ground, roll under cars, or even become very violent with a near by person. some other symptom of PTSD is always being on guard, getting startled easily, irritable, and anxious. Victims find it hard to concentrate on their current life they are always ready for that bomb to go off.This will cause lack of sleep which in return causes physical pain, muscle tension, and even heart problems. Many will never talk about their issues it is too painful to speak out loud what is causing them so muc h pain on the inside. This causes many family problems and the issues just keep spiraling out of control. For some it may even lead into the mentations or act of suicide. Many may think that since the increased amount of PTSD victims are returning from war the VA administration would step in and support them. Knowing all of this the support is not there.The VAs track record tight to void benefits for the victims, they are not or willing to deal with the large influx of affected Iraq veterans, who are left to deal with their illnesses alone. Judging by its fresh actions, VA does not seem interested in changing to fit the needs of the new veterans. The benefits have increased in the recent years from one patch seven billion to four point three billion, however the victims that are mostly benefiting from the increase is Vietnam veterans, not Iraqi veterans. (Uhl). Iraq veterans remain widely overlooked, and are climax back in record numbers with severe mental illness.This is a seri ous problem, since its expected that the number of PTSD sufferers from Iraq will exceed the number from Vietnam. Treatment and support are critical to your recovery. Although your memories wont go away, you can nail how to manage your response to these memories and the feelings they bring up. You can also knock down the frequency and intensity of your reactions. Although it may seem painful to face the trauma you went through, doing so with the help of a mental health professional can help you get better. There are different types of therapy which are necessary to get back on the right track.There is cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps you change the thought patterns that keep you from overcoming your anxiety. Exposure therapy, where one work with a professional, to help confront memories and situations that cause the distress. Cognitive Processing Therapy, which is where you process your emotions about the traumatic event and learn how to challenge your thinking patterns. A nother type of therapy is psychodynamic psychotherapy, where you focus on identifying current life situations that set off traumatic memories and worsen PTSD symptoms. (National Center for PTSD).

Role of Public Sector in Modern Economies

Role of Public Sector in Modern EconomiesForces of demand and supply control prices in modern capitalistic economies, presidential term intervention has been limited to provision of complaisant services. Prices of goods and services as well as cost of production argon determined with minimal brass intervention. A perfect capitalist sparing dust tail only exist in an ideal situation and since at that place is no ideal situation, there ar always any(prenominal) regimen controls, rules and regulations in an frugality (Pigou, 2006). In general, policy-making sympathies controls the performance of an economy through fiscal and monetary policies. These policies are aimed at ever-changing or controlling certain factors in the economy to enhance or limit production. Government participation varies among countries were developing countries need a higher occasion than developed countries (Ceccacci, Marchesiani and Pecchi, 2007) This paper discusses the office staff of the hab itual sector in modern economies and factors public sector consider when making financial conclusiveness.Political stabilityThe giving medication is made up of political class, who control the economies of a domain, they play the role of politicians and economic drivers, and however, political situation in the world is not stable. thither establish been changes and uncertainty in unlike countries. A unsophisticated equivalent Kenya in East Africa underwent tribal crashes in 2007 after a disputed election. The crisis affected the economy of the province. In November 2010, Ivory Coast in Central Africa had disputed election a spark off that induce affected the provinces economic performance. In civilized countries homogeneous the United States of America, which is the worlds largest economy, the performance of the ruling class affects the economy positively and negatively. A country as China, which has the highest economic fruit in the world, has a stable presidential ter m (Dalton, 2003) from the above discussion, it is clear that one major functions of regimen activity is to check out there is political stability in the country. If the political class maintains political harmony in an economy thusly growth and stability in the country is possible. One of the most surprising thing is that to destroy an economy that had been built for many geezerhood can take a matter of weeks in case of political unrests. For example, Zimbabwe was among Africans best performing countries, when there were disputed presidential economies in 2009 the country is instantaneously ranked as the poorest in the world. former(a) than topical anaesthetic politics, international politics affects country economic, social and political performances. International policies and traffic affect how economies conduct their business. There are times that goods from a certain countries eat been limited to enter in the international market through tariff and non-tariff barriers (Buchanan, 1987).Maintaining good International relationsForeign ministry in different countries is disposed the responsibility of maintaining good international relations with different countries. Globalisation and international trade has opened the international market, aid by transport and communication networks (Quigley, 2000). To ensure that a country participates in international trade effectively and reduce chances of international rivalry, it should ensure that there are good international relations. Switzerland has managed to be the world largest tourism country beca mapping of its political neutrality and maintaining of good relations with other countries. Sometime to be competitive, countries engage in economical alliances to be able to perform for better teams in the world markets. Such integration includes European Union, East African Community, and Pan African among others (Dietmar, 2000). Other than having a good international relations, it is the role of the givi ng medication to ensure that its country engender a good reputation. It should not be known for negative things desire poverty, corruption and inequality. Such reputations are not built by word of mouth by through actions undertaken by the government.Protection of citizensThe government has the mandate of ensuring that the constituent(a) seriouss of every human being are respected. These rights include rights to protection, where the government provides security to its citizens. Security is from foreign and internal attackers. There are times that the government sets lower limit or maximum prices of goods to ensure that consumers are not exploited. On the other hand, the government also sets standards required in a country this is in the motivate to ensure that it has protected its consumers against substandard goods and services provided by businesspersons. There was another move made by Chinese government, which has been seen as a new government move where the government aims at reducing the rate of economic growth in the country (Edward, McCaffery and Joel, 2006)InfrastructuresThe government has the mandate of providing infrastructures like roads and communication networks, which cannot be left in the hands of individuals. These infrastructures ensure that an economy has social resources that can be use by society members without paying for them directly. In time of disaster, the public sector is called upon to assist. This is in case of terror attacks, drought and floods. The government should have adequate machinery and mechanisms to ensure that in case of a disaster, it has assisted its own citizens and sometimes extend the help to other nations. Other social economic factors affect an economy. They include inflation and deflation. The government has the mandate of ensuring that its economy has neither excess property (inflation) or has limited funds (deflation) (Gabriele, 2009).Leadership and strategic decision-makingThe government is expected to make strategic decisions, which define the pathway that the country aims to follow over a certain period. This can be yearly or take a couple of years. Every year, governments make financial budgets to be followed when financing various projects in the country. These budgets contain yearly, monthly or projects that take more than one year. Such policies are the ones, which attract international coronations in a country. In the 1990s, many countries had mickle 2000, which they wanted to have attained certain economic, social and political goals. In the current 20th century, there are calls to Vision 2020, Vision 2015 and visi0n 2030 among others depending with a country and the goals it has for the economy (Wildasin, 2008)Issues a government need to take into account when financing the activities adopted to fulfil the role set out in (a) aboveThe government control an economy using fiscal or monetary policies. They can be either direct or indirect. The kind of financing adopted, de pends with the goal and accusive the government want to attain in a particular time. To control the economy effectively, consideration must be made to ensure that the most allot measure is taken (Reed and Swain, 1997). Generally, there are factors that government need to consider when financing different projects in the economy they areThe level of economic cultivation in the country or locationsThe government has the role of setting up infrastructures to be used by the public and private sectors in their efforts to grow the economy. before certain infrastructures are made, the government need to analyse the project and ensure that it is economically viable. Priority should be given to those places that have potential yet the victimization of such(prenominal) potential is hindered by lack of infrastructures like roads and communication networks. Investments in infrastructures is an expensive exercise where the government spend public resources to make such infrastructures, they should thus benefit the greatest majority in the country. In developing economies, the government has a more active role where it is expected to make a platform that international and national inventors can built on. Such infrastructures include electricity production plants, transport networks, taxation incentive and communication networks. Some countries like China have had the government cut down its public finance outgo to ensure that the economic growth rate in the country slows down. It has opted to have higher taxation to companies and individuals to ensure that they have low income to spend in economic development (Schulte, 2000).Countries competitive advantage sectorsDifferent countries have different economic potentials the kind of products that can be produced effectively by a nation varies among different nations. There is need to understand the potential that a country has and investments should be skewed to that direction. For example is a country has a potential in natural resources like oil reserves or good climate, then the government should direct most of its finances to these sectors. This will ensure that high levels of efficiency have been attained for economic development. Absolute and competitive advantages are important when decision making the countries to make economic integrations. There are times that countries produce the same commodities, in such cases such countries can make good economic blocs to negotiate for better prices for their products. They though cannot make good trading partners since they make more the same products (Schumpeter , 1994).The rate of inflation/deflationThe rate of inflation in country affects expenditure decision by the government. When an economy is lining high rate of inflation, then the government has the mandate of controlling the economy. Controlling inflation and deflation are monetary issues where the government devises measures to reduce money in circulation (in the case of inflation) or incr ease money in circulation (in the case of deflation). In inflation, the government can descend to sell government securities like bond and bills at an attractive interest rate where investors will be attracted to buy them and the money in circulation is reduced. On the other hand, it might decide to increase the lending rate to banks through central bank, which will be transmitted, to consumers making the cost of lending money expensive. This reduces the rate of money attractiveness thus, the growth of money in the economy reduces (Sheila, 2004).In the case of deflation, the government devises measures to increase the flow of cash in the economy. If the government decides to reduce central banks lending rate, then banks will be more willing to lend money. This increases the money in circulation curing the deflation (Tresch, 2002).Living standardsDifferent countries have different living standards. It is the dream of leaders to have citizens who have high living standards. To attain this need, the government takes deliberate measures to increase the living standards of its tribe. Such measures include wide investment in social facilities like public hospitals, building of roads, communication networks and education facilities. There are countries, which have opted to offer free medical and educational facilities to their citizens in the move to have change magnitude living standards. Countries with high living standards do not require much invention of the government in their affairs but those that are underdeveloped and have reduced living standards the government intervention is highly required (Shinnick, 2008).Some government have national libraries, some even mobile ones to ensure that its population has access to information for personal empowerment. Adoption of technology in different sectors has enabled a countries population have higher living standards as people are more informed of their rights that they can fight for (Shoup, 2006)Resources distri butionResources in a country are not equally distributed there are some parts, which have higher allocation of natural and manmade resources in a country. The in-equally bring about difference in social, economic and sometimes political. The government should ensure that its country have well distributed resources for a harmonious growth in all regions of the country. The differences make the government direct most of its resources to areas that are disadvantaged (Musgrave, 2008). They are given priorities in the efforts to see whether they can catch up with other areas. A country that has high levels of inequality is most likely to be in political disputes from time to time. This is when some people feel oppressed by the system. In the past, social rivalry in countries for example in French revolution, were brought about by inequality and oppression in the economy. To avoid a repeat of such things in an economy, the government should ensure there is equality in the economy. Equalit y can be brought through indirect measures like education, social amenities, and employment (Moore, 2009).Unemployment levelGovernment has a role in creating employment in its country. If the economy is facing high levels of inflation, then the government must put on measures to ensure that the economy produces job opportunities. For an increased employment creation in country, the government should induce an atmosphere where local and international investors feel attracted (Minea and Villieu, 2009). Such measures include reduce taxation, offer incentives to investors like tax holidays , investments deductions and offering land for factory settlements. Other than think on international and local major investors, the government can undertake different measures to facilitate small-scale investments through small traders and artisan. Finances can be directed to the areas where the government offer loans to deserving population to starts up their own business . Other than business, th ere are other individual talents that can be tapped and still create employment. This includes sporting activities and entertainment exertion where the government can support youth to engage in such activities (McGee, 2004).Security situationIt is the role of the government to ensure that its citizens are protected from internal and external security threats. The state of security in a country will determine the hail of investment that will be directed to this task. There are times that a country may be threatened of an attack, or the security system in the country is not good. In such cases, the budget for security should be increased grably. Different times require different security levels, for example, in times of political unrests, high security is required than in times of harmony in a country, so the amount of investment that a country makes in investment is determined by security level in the country (Martin, 2005).Global environmentThe international community affects the trend of spending in a government. There are times that international relation and trade may require a government to spend higher than in chemical formula circumstances. Currently with globalisation, the world is facing an increased trade among countries. The trade calls for improved infrastructures, communication systems and security along casts. Although these factors benefit an economy, they require the government to make investments in the economy. To facilitate international trade, the government need to invest in good roads to transport goods produced within the country to the departure ports and those coming from abroad to their destinations (Kabelo,Khalo and Mafunisa, 2007). communication is essential in making trading negotiations and contracts where the government should lay good communication systems. International trade does not just happen without government intervention, there is need to control the flow of goods. by customs department, the government imposes cus tom duties and tariffs to some imports and exports in its move to collect revenue and protect internal industries. Through borders, some goods that are harmful to a population can get their way it is the role of the government to ensure that borders are free from such goods. For border security, revenue disposition and national companies protection to be effective, the government has to make massive investment in detecting tools like scanners, personnels to patrol the borders and revenue collection officers. Making of ports is capital intensive and thus before such an investment is made the government should ensure that it has analysed the economic benefit of such a move. For example, the decision to make Suez Canal was for trading purposes, it has assisted North African countries like Egypt, however, maintaining high standards in such an entry is an expensive practice (Jrgen and Wagner, 2004)Technologyscientific innovation and inventions have resulted to an increase in technology in the world. Efficient technology assists a county to produce goods and services effectively with maximum utilisation of resources. The government has a role to play in technological development and adoption in the economy. This can be through its own adoption of technology in its systems or it can be creating an environment that enables companies to adopt technology. There are times that the government controls the rate of technological adoption in its economy. For example in Kenya, the government is opposing the use of tea plucking machines by tea growing factories since it believes that the number of jobs that will be lost as a result are going to harm the economy. To enhance adoption of technology, the government have sometimes offered incentives to those companies with high technology like tax incentives to facilitate further technology use (Hyman, 2007)Environmental concernsThe world is having increased concerns about environmental damage. International bodies have enacted ru les and regulations to be followed in its efforts to reduce environmental damage. Such international regulations include Kyoto protocol on green gas emission where signatories were expected to reduce their production of green house gasses (Howard, 1992). To facilitate moves that protect the environment, the government is involved in different activities that aim at corporate and to individuals. It has put on measure that reduces the amount of emission from industry. Such measures include taxation on carbon emission, having national environmental control policies and programs, offering tax incentive and facilitating technology adoption (Bradford, Auerbach and Shaviro, 2000).The rate of investments in a countryThe investment environment in countries determines the rate of investment in a country. When the environments are not attracting investments, then the government has to undertake strategic measures to ensure that it has facilitated investments. This can be through targeting cer tain industries, which are crucial for investment decisions in a country, and enhancing their capabilities in attracting investments (Gstoettner and Jensen, 2010). For example, the energy sector is important for economic development and attracting investment. The government can control prices in such an industry and cover the deficit. This will make investors attracted by the low rate of production cost offered by such moves. In countries like China, the government have used this consideration to devise measure that reduces the rate of investment. There are times that the government becomes the investor in come strategic industries, which are considered low income generating. This is in the move to ensure that all essential products and services are available in a country (Blanca and Wodon, 2006)Economic deficits and Balances of paymentsThere are times that a country may be facing economic and balance of payments deficits. The deficits harm an economy, the government requires to tak e strategic decisions to ensure these deficits are cured. In cases of economic deficits, it means that a government will not be able to finance all budget activities in a particular year or periods. It may be forces to offer some government bonds and bills, which are offered at a cost to the public. It may also decide to sell its products to raise money to finance its deficit. The right move to make in such case is determines the decision made by the government (Bastable, 2003)International trade brings about balances of payments (B.O.P.). For a healthy economy without a deficit in balance of payment, then imports should be of a lower cost than exports. To facilitate an increase export, or reduce importation, the government have a role to play. In facilitation of exports, the government offers incentives to exporters to increase their exportation. These incentives may be subsidies in production. To discourage importation, the government can increase taxes charged to imports and empo wer local companies to produce goods that were otherwise imported. When a country has a healthy balance of payment, its currency is strong making its goods and services competitive in the international markets (Arye, 2003) conclusionModern economies are mostly capitalists, where forces of demand and supply determine prices. Government intervention in these economies is minimal but important. Government intervenes in economies to facilitate an appropriate economic growth rate and protect citizens from violation of their constitutional rights. It uses monetary and fiscal policies to control the economy. Before making an investment decision, government consider economic, political, social, global and environmental implication of such decision. Maintain political stability in a county is an important role of the government. The right decision to make is one that results to increased welfare of majority in the country.

Subjective Health Assessment

Subjective Health AssessmentDespite the importance of an separates post of their health and wellbeing, individuals are extremely influenced by the extent to which their treatment step forwardcomes meet their expectations (Ohagan et al., 2014). This is why it is crucial for concurs to incorporate the individuals perspective into the interventions to accomplish this nurses need to physical exertion stiff communication, such as communicative and non-verbal techniques, to receive the appropriate subjective health information (Ohagan et al., 2014). Nurses hike must implement the individuals perspective into the development of breast feeding interventions this will help influence a positive recovery (Ohagan et al., 2014). This essay will define communication in the context of nursing it will discuss the process followed regarding the selection of an individual and the arrangements made, overly which call into question techniques were utilised. The essay will further discuss th e health strengths of an individual, as well as any health concerns which may benefit from health promotional education. Lastly, there will be a summary about what I learnt from this assignment.It is crucial to actualize the importance of communication in the context of nursing, in order to implement it in a nurse-client relationship. Communication is central to human interaction, as it both(prenominal)ows individuals to establish, maintain and change contact with each other (Juv-Udina et al., 2014). The word communication originates centuries ago from the Greek word communis meaning to make common (Ohagan et al., 2014). Tay, Hegney and Ang (2011) define communication as a two-way process sending the right message that is also being correctly received and understood by the other person. Communication in the context of nursing is where the nurse and patient perceive the other in the situation and, through communication of verbal and non-verbal messages, sets goals, and agrees on interventions to help achieve these goals (Tay et al., 2011).The initial goal for this assignment is to find a healthy individual between the ages of thirty and sixty five who is not a friend, family member or anyone I knew well. This was achieved by ringing my aunty and petition if she knew anyone in the area that would be happy to help with my assignment. My aunty gave me the phone number and the email of a coadjutor from here I sent an email explaining the subjective health assessment project to her. jenny (pseudonym) promptly replied saying she would be happy to assist, when she agreed I emailed her a consent form. I also ensured her that to be in accordance with The Nursing Council Code of Conduct (2012) as a student nurse I must respect her rights to confidentiality and therefore any personal or identifiable information will be altered to protect her privacy and dignity. From here we set to have the interview take place at her house as it would not only be private but it w ould help ensure that she feels comfortable, we worked out a time that suited us both and decided at 10am on Wednesday 30th of July.The quality and reliability of information is influenced by the way in which information is collected, which is related to the use of nonverbal and verbal communication (Jarvis, 2012). Nonverbal communication of appearance, demeanour, facial expression, silence, and audition are highly influential. I incorporated all these aspects into my interview. Firstly I wore my nursing uniform which made my appearance look professional, and kept a neutral friendly expression throughout the interview. I also made sure my attitude was non-judgemental and that we were seated at snapper level this helped to maintain eye contact which showed that I was alert and listening to her. Sitting at eye level also helped make us both feel equal as no one had an authoritative role over the other. However, verbal communication is just as important as nonverbal communication. I ensured that all the questions I asked were open ended this allowed Jenny to expand in areas which provided me with relevant and detailed information. Also, by using the communication technique refection I was able to respond in a way that allowed Jenny to realise that I was listening and understanding what she was communicating.June has the belief that, for her age she is healthy and she is content with her current level of health. She lives a healthy lifestyle and has few health issues. Junes health and wellbeing is back up by having had completed all of the immunisation programs recommended for her through her childhood. These immunisations are very important during an individuals childhood as it protects children from negative jars of illness (Grant, Luxford, Darbyshire, 2005). However, dismantle though June completed these immunisation programs she still contracted chicken pox at seven years of age. This is an extremely contagious disease which is spread by the same method s as the common cold such as coughing, sneezing and skin to skin contact (Grant, Luxford, Darbyshire, 2005).There are many things that influence an individuals overall health, and the likelihood of developing diseases (Jarvis, 2012). Diseases can occur due to a combination of transmissible, lifestyle and environmental factors (Jarvis, 2012). In the context of Jennys health she is insensible of any hereditary diseases in her family history. This is a great strength to have as Jenny does not have any increased risks of getting genetic disorders or passing them onto her children. Another strength Jenny has is that she works on a farm this means she is often outdoors in the natural environment. Tardona, Bozeman and Pierson (2014) investigate indicates that exposure and experiences in natural environment can improve wellbeing by increasing self-esteem, spiritual well-being, cognitive functions and relieving stress. This shows that Jenny is free of health illnesses and her argument c ontributes to her overall wellbeing Peterson (2000) discusses how this is a proven benefit not only to the individual but the family as well.Regular exercise and peacefulness patterns are more beneficial strengths displayed by Jenny which contributes positively to her overall wellbeing. Ekblom-Bak, Ekblom, Vikstrm, De Faire, and Hellnius (2014) discusses how at least 150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous exercise is important for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Jenny well and truly does more than 150 minutes per week as she motivates herself to go for a power walk every day for around an hour. Kemmler and Von Stengel (2013) research shows that there is a lower chance of experiencing heart disease, some cancers, stroke and type two diabetes when regular exercise is implement into everyday life. Exercise further helps to improve sleeping patterns. As Jenny is a farmer she has to wake up at 5am most mornings, this results in Jenny having to manage her time well to make sure she gets enough sleep. Jenny goes to sleep around 9.30 at wickedness usually without waking throughout the night and does not nap throughout the day this shows Jenny has healthy sleep patterns. According to Gruber (2013) healthy sleep patterns are shown to have a positive impact on an individuals body as it enables the individual to cope with everyday living tasks.Musculoskeletal disorders are the main representation for absence at work worldwide, Jenny experiences back pain which is increased by stress (Lvgren, Gustavsson, Melin, Rudman, 2014). Lundberg and Melin (2002), look at how the conditions at work, such as time pressure and impenetrable lifting, can contribute to elevated stress levels and muscular tension. They further explore how the elevated levels of stress can reduce the time for rest and recuperations (Lundberg Melin, 2002). Therefore it is important for Jenny to implement interventions that help improve her back pain, when Jenny is at work she could limit the amou nt of heavy lifting she does and also be educated on the correct lifting technique to avoid further injuries or strains to her back. Jenny can further implement the use of over the counter medication such as deep heat to help relieve the pain and tension in her muscles.The increasing instability in the economic sector and the increase in unemployment pass judgment are likely to trigger financial worries, which can contribute to fatigue levels (Stewart, Abbey, Meana Boydell, 1998). This is because financial worries present themselves as a psychological threat which is prolonged and continuing in nature. This causes an increase in fatigue levels as our bodies are not designed to cope with prolonged periods of increased stress hormone (cortisol) levels (Stewart et al., 1998). In Jennys context she has a job however she still feels financially unstable which could be related to her increased levels of fatigue. Therefore Jenny needs to implement interventions such as seeing a financia l consultant to help her understand her future options and avoid busy crisis.Through completing this assignment I feel I now have a greater understanding of the importance of communication in a nurse-client relationship. I learnt that without using veracious communication skills you will be unable to understand the individuals perspective of their health and what they want in life. What I found is that by being non-judgemental and honest throughout the interview developed the nurse-client relationship more, which is extremely important with the client as they are the primary source of information. I believe this was shown when Jenny felt respected as she opened up more by telling me more about her life instead of answering briefly. I further understand the importance of asking open ended questions and using non-verbal communication skills as if I had not the information I received would have been different. I also learnt the importance of winning your time and just listening to t he client, especially in Jennys case as she got very excited talking about her children and upset when I approached the subject of finical stability. So from this I understood that her major worries and weakness in her life is to do with finical pressure and that her children provide her with a source of happiness.In conclusion, effective communication provides nurses with a way to gather information from a client successfully. This essay looked at how I went about selecting an individual and the arrangements made. While also disusing how non-verbal techniques of eye contact and appearance helped make Jenny feel comfortable and verbal techniques of open ended questions to receive more relevant detailed information. This essay further suggested that Jennys strengths included having a healthy childhood, no hereditary diseases in the family history, working on a farm and having regular exercise and sleep patterns. However Jennys weakness of back pain and feeling financial unstable can lead to health issues which is why interventions of education of proper lifting techniques, using deep heat and seeing a financial advisor can help Jennys overall health. This essay also looked at what I learnt from completing this assignment which was that communication skills majorly affect the quality of the information gathered and the trust between a nurse and a client.Reference discoverEkblom-Bak, E., Ekblom, B., Vikstrm, M., de Faire, U., Hellnius, M. (2014). The importance ofnon-exercise physical activity for cardiovascular health and longevity. British diary OfSports Medicine, 48(3), 233-238. Retrieved fromhttp//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=605a2018-d38e-4eef-945d-f1ae2481136a%40sessionmgr4005vid=3hid=4211Grant, J., Luxford, Y., Darbyshire, P. (2005). Culture, communication and child health. Contemporary Nurse, 20(2), 134-142.Gruber, R. (2013). Making room for sleep. diary of Canadian Psychology/ Psychologie canadienne, 54(1), 62 -71.Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Chatswood, NSW ElsevierJuv-Udina, M., Prez, E., Padrs, N., Samartino, M., Garca, M., Creus, M., Calvo, C. (2014).Basic Nursing Care Retrospective Evaluation of Communication and PsychosocialInterventions Documented by Nurses in the Acute Care Setting. Journal Of NursingScholarship, 46(1), 65-72. inside10.1111/jnu.12062Kemmler, W., Von Stengel, S. (2013). Exercise Frequency, Health Risk Factors, and Diseases ofthe Elderly. Archives Of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 94(11), 2046-2053. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/science/article/pii/S000399931300422XLvgren, M., Gustavsson, P., Melin, B., Rudman, A. (2014). eff/shoulder and back pain in newgraduate nurses A growth mixture modeling analysis. International Journal Of NursingStudies, 51(4), 625-639. doi10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.08.009Lundberg, U., Melin, B. (2002). essay in the development of musculoskeletal pain. Pain Research and Clinical Management 12 (1), 165-179.OHagan, S., Manias, E., Elder, C., Pill, J., Woodward-Kron, R., McNamara, T., McColl, G.(2014). What counts as effective communication in nursing? Evidence from nurse educatorsand clinicians feedback on nurse interactions with simulated patients. Journal Of AdvancedNursing, 70(6), 1344-1355. doi10.1111/jan.12296Peterson, G. (2000). Making Healthy Families. Berkeley, Calif Shadow and Light Publications.Stewart, D., Abbey, S., Meana , M., Boydell, K. (1998). What makes women tired A community sample. Journal of Womens Health, 7(1), 69-76.Tardona, D. R., Bozeman, B. A., Pierson, K. L. (2014). A Program Encouraging Healthy Behavior,Nature Exploration, and merriment through History in an Urban National Park Unit. Journal OfPark Recreation Administration, 32(2), 73-82. Retrieved from http//eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11sid=b0ae001b-42b0-4b53-83c8-7d6bbdf8bada%40sessionmgr198hid=107Tay, L., Hegney, D., Ang, E. (2011). Factors affecting effective communication between registerednurses and adult cancer patients in an inpatient setting a systematic review. InternationalJournal Of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 9(2), 151-164. doi10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00212.xNursing council of New Zealand. (2012).Code of conduct. Retrieved from http//file///C/Users/Jessica/Downloads/Nurses%20Code%20of%20Conduct.pdf

Case Analysis Of Ethical Conduct

Case Analysis Of Ethical ConductThe nonprofit infirmary has the duty to provide healthcare to its poor and indigent citizens. They charge these patients list prices for their healthcare usefulnesss. This subgroup of the population functions without the security of healthcare benefits and is expected to pay the highest prices for their care. The hospitals that operate as their areas not for profit facility accepts tax dollars to support its operations and to provide pilot ladder care within the community. This seemingly contradictory situation becomes the ethical predicament that faces this nation.Why are the not for profit hospitals permitted to charge the full price of healthcare services to the uninsured, and then pursue aggressive lift upion maneuver to collect for the services? Part of the requirement of the not for profit hospitals is to provide substantial charity care to their needy population sector. The rewards for this charity care are the tax-free status the facility enjoys on its revenues and the ability to issue municipal bonds for capital improvements. The refusal to provide these services or to use abusive prayer tactics may lead to the revocation of their tax-nontaxable status.Class action lawsuits suck in resulted in accusing nonprofit hospitals with excessively charging uninsured patients more than insured patients and utilizing questionable collection tactics. The recent result of the class action case against Resurrection Health Care Hospitals forced them to change their billing structure, reduce charges to all uninsured, and provide charitable monetary assistance to patients to pay hospital charges (Clifford Law Offices, 2009). The potential 220,000 claimants will be able to beat bills recalculated and receive refunds if over paid based on the new(a) formula (Clifford Law Offices, 2009). The facility must disregard hospital bills for the uninsured and provide the highest discount to those with limited funds. The assistance progr am limits the amount of the bill to no more than 10 percent of the patients income (Clifford Law Offices, 2009). The hospital is forbidden from placing a lean on the patients home to collect payments. These strategies give the uninsured a discount more in line with their ability to pay and are reflective of a charity care hospital.The Provena Covenant, a 270 bed hospital in Illinois, recently lost their tax exempt status when it was determined that their collection tactics were questionable (Richmond Smith, 2005). The Illinois Department of Revenue considered the facility as not charitable as a result of these practices (Richmond Smith, 2005). The Senate Finance Committee proposed edict that would mandate nonprofit hospitals to specific levels of charity care in order to retain its tax exempt status (Schroeder, 2009). They would be required to conduct a periodic needs analysis, follow established processes for bill collections, and will not refuse care due to a patients indige nt status (Schroeder, 2009).The conclusion of The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act is to eliminate the actions of the abusive tactics utilized by debt collectors and to protect the consumer. Several congressional findings have provided the basis for this enactment. There is prove that these practices are a contributing factor to personal bankruptcies, loss of jobs, marital problems, and privacy invasions (FTC, 2006). They determined that the existing laws do not adequately protect the consumer from the bill collectors abusive practices (FTC, 2006). The debt collection process can be effective without the adoption of abusive or humiliating tactics (FTC, 2006).Recent research has indicated that employees that exhibit Machiavellian characteristics tend to agree with these questionable situations (Richmond Smith, 2005). Employees that have adopted this Machiavellian personality are impersonal, rational, and strategy focused. The possibility of handling collection surgerys unethic ally may result. The nonprofit hospital is at risk of loosing its tax exempt status from the unethical decision making processes with employees that express these traits. They demonstrate that the low Mach may benefit the billing collection process. The low Mach is subject to social influence, focuses on the person, and accepts and follows direction (Richmond Smith, 2005). The ability of employees to show empathy with the patients would support an ethical serve environment.The assignment of the appropriate discount for healthcare services for the poor or indigent patient results in the alignment of their ability to pay their bills. The adoption of higher(prenominal) discounts and financial assistance for the low income patient is the ethically responsible strategy for nonprofit hospitals. The strategies to create ethical behavior should include a code of ethics, abidance program, customer complaint line, and employee training programs. The creation of an ethical work environmen t will promote the actions of employees to be more empathetic to their patients, thereby fulfilling the nonprofits mission of charity care.Case II Westwood Imaging CentersThe atomic number 101 self referral (Stark Law) and the anti-kickback statutes are important provisions for managing potential fraud and abuse of physicians. The substantial financial incentives associated with diagnostic imaging have made them highly subject to abuse. The Westwood Imaging Centers has offered a flat rate per scan for referrals from physicians. The physician is then responsible for billing the Medicare, Medicaid, or the ordinal party payer. Westwood has proposed to refer to the arrangement as a per use, nonrecurring lease agreement. This agreement is attempting to qualify for an exception that allows a physician to self refer if the both the equipment and procedure is conducted in the doctors office. This deal brings up the question about the legality of the self-referral to Westwood and its eth ical implications.The Stark Law (I, II, and III) is the provision that governs the self-referral activities of physicians. It is illegal for a physician to refer a patient to a facility in which he or an immediate family member has a financial interest or compensation arrangement (Stark Law, 2010). The goal of the Stark legislation is to remove the potential conflict of interest from the healthcare decision process. There are exceptions to the Stark Law that many equipment leasing and management companies have targeted for business opportunities. The physician of a group practice may refer patients for imagining services (MRI, CT, or PET) that are located within their office. The most recent legislation requires the physician to further provide the patient with a written notice that these imaging services may be obtained elsewhere (Stark Law, 2010). This notice must include a list of other imaging facilities in the immediate area (Stark Law, 2010).The per-use lease arrangements that were permitted in Stark I II are now prohibited in the Stark III legislation (Stark Law, 2010). These prohibited lease agreements are considered per click or on demand leases because of the limited usage of the imaging equipment and their cleverness to abuse. The final rule did not prohibit time-based leasing or block time leases. The cautionary note is that the leasing of very small blocks of time could cause the lease to be considered a per click arrangement and that is prohibitory. The block of time must be substantial enough to not face the risk of being considered per click usage, thereby not allowed by the Stark Law. The Westwood design would need to be changed from a per use agreement to a time based lease.The possible overutilization of diagnostic imaging has given rise to cleverly designed business models that cover illegal or fraudulent behavior. The anti kick back statutes prohibit the provider from receiving inducements for the referral of this reimbursable service. The lease agreement of the imaging services must not be written to appear as a kickback or highly discounted services to the physicians. The hired time must be specifically contracted and payable whether the slotted time is utilized or not. This shifts the risk of overutilization to the provider rather than the imaging service and would better control excessive referrals. The basis for the Stark Law is to prevent the conflict of interest business situations for providers, and the overutilization of these services of which the physician may have a financial interest. The possibility of a provider increasing their usage of imaging services because it will supplement their income becomes the ethical dilemma. This ownership could influence the clinical decision process and increase their overall usage of more costly image testing.The overall increased utilization of imaging places a larger inwardness on this nations healthcare expenditure. The overutilization of imaging is supported by a recent deliberate that estimated the number of MRIs doubled from 1995 to 2004, and the CT scanners increased more than 50 percent (MedPac, 2009). The volume of imaging services paid per Medicare beneficiary increased twice as fast as the total of all other physician services from 2000 to 2007 (MedPac, 2009). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported close to an eightfold variation on in-office imaging services nationwide (MedPac, 2009). The results of a recent MedPac (2009) study reveals that a physician that self refers imaging, results in significantly more total tests ordered than the non-self referring provider. He also has a higher spending per episode than the non-self referring provider. The evidence shows that the self referral of imaging has not only a financial benefit for the referring physician, but also has increased the overall healthcare spending. The providers should carefully review these findings when considering the proposal from Westwood. The ethica l issues associated with the overutilization of image testing should be weighted against the future risk of decreased reimbursements from Medicare, Medicaid, or third party payers.

The Importance of Truth in Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Essay -- Wide

The Importance of Truth in Wide Sargasso Sea In Wide Sargasso Sea Rhys presents a white Creole family living in a Caribbean Island (Jamaica), which is a lush and insecure world for them, after the liberation of the slaves. The husband had once been a slaveholder, the mother is a humbled and crazy lady and Antoinette, the daughter, is a child in an atmosphere of fear, recrimination and bitter anger. She becomes increasingly isolated-this isolation is broken by her scheming stepbrother, who signs Antoinettes inheritance over to the guileless Mr. Rochester. The books account of Antoinettes marriage to Mr. Rochester is a study in sexual manipulation and cultural misunderstanding. There is also foreshadowing, irony, and symbolism throughout Wide Sargasso Sea. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Antoinettes family is shattered when the ex-slaves torched their home. Her brother died in the fire and that caused her mother to go insane, then her husband left her, which even soree her situation worse. low the care of her aunt, she attended a convent. The convent became her refuge and sunshine, a place where she wished for satisfaction. I thought at first, is there no happiness? There must be. Oh happiness of course, happiness, well. (Rhys 34) After all, Antoinette never was a very happy child. Her parents never really gave her love, her father was too work drinking himself to death and her mother was too busy doing her own thing. After her stepfathers death, her stepbrother decided to adopt her off to this Englishman, Mr. Rochester, which she knew nothing about. Mr. Rochester did not marry Antoinette for love or because he fancied her. He espouse her to claim her fortune. Mr. Rochester seemed to marry Antoinette for money, or perhaps ... ...uld be to disclose everything about herself and her past that she would think Mr. Rochester wanted to know before he would want to marry her. But she might think that its in the past, so its not really important to let him know every li ttle detail, just the basics or maybe she wanted to give her version of the truth . For example, when Mr. Rochester asked Antoinette what happened to her mother. She told him that her mother died in the fire. Me and Mr. Rochester might look at her and call her a liar because her mother did not die in the fire, she died years later. But to Antoinette her mother did die in the fire, because from the day of the fire her mother changed. she was not the same person, she was now a mad woman. So as you can see this novel is based on truth. But what is the truth? Work Cited Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London Penguin, 1997.

The Light Of Sight :: essays research papers

In this universe there are many thing that we cannot explain. Among these many things is brightness. shadowy, as far as we know, come in different wavelengths and the size of the wavelength determine what caseful of light it is. The middle wavelength lights are what gives us the seven basic colourise of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Beside these visible lights there are the lights that cannot be seen by the military man oculus. These invisible lights can be grouped into two other groups the long waves and short-circuit waves.The first group of waves is the longer wavelength of light including infrared and radio waves. Radio waves, the longest wavelengths, alternate and can be volatile. Arthur C. Clarke said in the essay "The Light of Common Day" that since radio waves fluctuate so much no animal has ever been able to sense them. He goes on to say that if you had an eye big enough to see radio waves your eyes would be millions of times larger tha n a normal eye. The next longest wave is the infrared light waves. Infrared light is used nowadays to see in the night. Special goggles are designed to pick up infrared light making it possible to see at night.The next group of light waves are the shorter waves of ultraviolet and x-rays. Ultraviolet light, sometimes referred to as UV, is right next to violet and is exactly beyond sight. UV light is what causes sunburns and can be very painful. In Arthur C. Clarks essay it states that even though UV light is not visible the retina of the human eye reacts powerfully to it. He compare the human eye to a camera and says that a good camera need may types of lenses made expose of different types of glass to take a good picture. The human eye has only one lens and cannot possible see UV light. The last type of light is the x-ray. The x-ray is the smallest wave and is used in the medical field greatly to take pictures through flesh of bones. Even though x-rays are very useful they can be very dangerous. They have been know to disrupt radio waves and can poison a human body to the point of death.

All People are Equal Within the World of Work Essay -- Papers

All People are Equal Within the World of Work I do non agree with the statement at all, allthough in a right normal world of work, it should be true. Many people often judge people by thier appearence, or past experience. It could be anything, discriminating someone is easilly done. And its often simple things like hair styles or piercings, disability or gender than can founder you from working where you want to. With nearly all jobs these days youll have to fill out an application form, which can be a nightmare to many people. precisely no just for things like trying to remember their old school grades or when they left school, its often because they have something they feel will jeapordise thier employment chances. unlawful records is a good one. In companies or bussiness these days, they will ask if you have a spent or unspent conviction. Spent means that its been a genuine while since your conviction, unspent being the opposite. Some places feel that if you havent spent your conviction, (meaning you havent changed...